Input and Output

Input Device

Any hardware peripheral that gathers data from the outside world and sends it to a computer.

Output Device

Any hardware peripheral that translates processed computer data into a human-perceivable or physical form.

Sensor

An input device that detects and measures physical properties like temperature, light, motion, or pressure.

Actuator

A mechanical output device that produces physical movement based on electrical computer signals, like a robotic arm motor.

Self-driving cars rely on an array of advanced I/O devices to navigate roads safely.

1. 1Sensory Input: LiDAR lasers, radar sensors, and HD cameras constantly stream distance and image data into the onboard computer.
2. 2Processing: AI algorithms analyse the incoming sensor feeds to detect pedestrians, lane markings, and traffic lights.
3. 3Mechanical Output: Actuators turn the steering wheel, apply hydraulic brakes, and adjust the electric motor throttle.
4. 4Display Output: Dashboard screens and audio alerts inform the driver of lane changes and speed limits.

python# Simulating an automated greenhouse monitoring system

def check_greenhouse_sensors(temperature_celsius, light_level_lux):
    # INPUT: Sensor readings received as parameters
    print('Reading sensor telemetry...')
    
    # PROCESS: Evaluate conditions against thresholds
    fan_active = temperature_celsius > 28.0
    grow_lights_active = light_level_lux < 300
    
    # OUTPUT: Actuator decisions
    print('Ventilation Fan Status:', 'ON' if fan_active else 'OFF')
    print('Grow Lights Status:', 'ON' if grow_lights_active else 'OFF')

# Test with hot, dim conditions
check_greenhouse_sensors(31.5, 180)

This code demonstrates how sensor inputs are processed using logical rules to trigger automated physical outputs like fans and lighting.